National data — 2024
A single year of survey data for a national view of education and employment.
ACS 1-year PUMS · United States, 2462 PUMAs
Current approved release
Sources and coverage
Data releases
Choose national estimates or a closer look at states and local areas. Start with the latest data below, or explore how national outcomes have changed over time.
Choose your data
State and local data — 2020–2024
Five years of survey data combined for estimates across states and Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs).
ACS 5-year PUMS · United States, States and District of Columbia, 2462 PUMAs
Approved for publication
View national trends — 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024. Compare separate annual estimates.
Available measures and filters vary by dataset. Some results are suppressed when the sample is too small or uncertainty cannot be estimated reliably.
Calculated from Census microdata
Data available for analysis
The Census Bureau publishes American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) records. The Lab calculates the group estimates shown here using those records, survey weights, and its documented methodology.
“Deaf” here means respondents reported being deaf or having serious difficulty hearing (the ACS hearing-difficulty variable). This measure does not identify cultural Deaf identity or sign-language use. Census hearing-difficulty definition. Read our methods.
Release history and technical details
Earlier snapshots and saved analyses retain their original release IDs. The complete catalog below includes the overlapping five-year trend for reference; the main choices above focus on current estimates and annual national trends.
Lab releases and Census sources
Coverage below describes this site’s calculated estimates. Census PUMS files support national, state, and Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) analysis; this site’s annual releases currently cover the United States only. Availability of measures and filters varies by release, and unreliable or insufficient-sample results may be suppressed. Trend series keep the original estimates for each period separate.
| Period | Census source product | Coverage on this site | Vintage | Status | Resources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2015 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2016 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2016 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2017 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2017 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2018 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2018 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2019 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2019 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2021 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2021 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2022 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2022 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2023 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2023 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2024 | ACS 1-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Current approved release Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2021 | ACS 1-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Annual releases remain separate; standard ACS 1-year 2020 is unavailable. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2015 source filesCensus 2016 source filesCensus 2017 source filesCensus 2018 source filesCensus 2019 source filesCensus 2021 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024 | ACS 1-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States | Not applicable (national geography) | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Annual releases remain separate; standard ACS 1-year 2020 is unavailable. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2015 source filesCensus 2016 source filesCensus 2017 source filesCensus 2018 source filesCensus 2019 source filesCensus 2021 source filesCensus 2022 source filesCensus 2023 source filesCensus 2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024 | ACS 1-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States | Not applicable (national geography) | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Annual releases remain separate; standard ACS 1-year 2020 is unavailable. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2015 source filesCensus 2016 source filesCensus 2017 source filesCensus 2018 source filesCensus 2019 source filesCensus 2021 source filesCensus 2022 source filesCensus 2023 source filesCensus 2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2018; 2019; 2021 | ACS 1-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Annual releases remain separate; standard ACS 1-year 2020 is unavailable. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2018 source filesCensus 2019 source filesCensus 2021 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2018; 2019; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024 | ACS 1-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States | Not applicable (national geography) | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Annual releases remain separate; standard ACS 1-year 2020 is unavailable. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2018 source filesCensus 2019 source filesCensus 2021 source filesCensus 2022 source filesCensus 2023 source filesCensus 2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2022; 2023; 2024 | ACS 1-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States, 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Annual releases remain separate; standard ACS 1-year 2020 is unavailable. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2022 source filesCensus 2023 source filesCensus 2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2011–2015 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia | Not applicable (state/DC only) | Approved for publication Exact current statistics retained under an additive historical availability registry. Current universes, estimates and private replicates unchanged. Independent scientific review pending; unapproved local candidate. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2011–2015 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2012–2016 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2012–2016 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2013–2017 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2013–2017 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2014–2018 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2014–2018 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2015–2019 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2015–2019 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2016–2020 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2016–2020 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2017–2021 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2017–2021 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2018–2022 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Native Census boundaries retained without remapping. All eligible unfiltered intrinsic categories; optional demographic filters unmaterialized. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2018–2022 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2018–2022 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia | Not applicable (state/DC only) | Approved for publication Exact current statistics retained under an additive historical availability registry. Current universes, estimates and private replicates unchanged. Independent scientific review pending; unapproved local candidate. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2018–2022 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2019–2023 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2019–2023 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2020–2024 | ACS 5-year PUMS Single-period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Authoritative Census source reprocessed under definitions2026.12; merged scopes preserve all public statistics and private replicates exactly. Historical PUMA boundaries are not remapped. Earnings are in source period-end dollars. Published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2020–2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2011–2015; 2012–2016; 2013–2017; 2014–2018; 2015–2019; 2016–2020; 2017–2021; 2018–2022; 2019–2023; 2020–2024 | ACS 5-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia | Not applicable (state/DC only) | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Overlapping five-year pooled estimates share source years; each is one period estimate, not five annual observations. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2011–2015 source filesCensus 2012–2016 source filesCensus 2013–2017 source filesCensus 2014–2018 source filesCensus 2015–2019 source filesCensus 2016–2020 source filesCensus 2017–2021 source filesCensus 2018–2022 source filesCensus 2019–2023 source filesCensus 2020–2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2011–2015; 2012–2016; 2013–2017; 2014–2018; 2015–2019; 2016–2020; 2017–2021; 2018–2022; 2019–2023; 2020–2024 | ACS 5-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia | Not applicable (state/DC only) | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Overlapping five-year pooled estimates share source years; each is one period estimate, not five annual observations. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2011–2015 source filesCensus 2012–2016 source filesCensus 2013–2017 source filesCensus 2014–2018 source filesCensus 2015–2019 source filesCensus 2016–2020 source filesCensus 2017–2021 source filesCensus 2018–2022 source filesCensus 2019–2023 source filesCensus 2020–2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2012–2016; 2013–2017; 2014–2018; 2015–2019; 2016–2020; 2017–2021 | ACS 5-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Overlapping five-year pooled estimates share source years; each is one period estimate, not five annual observations. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2012–2016 source filesCensus 2013–2017 source filesCensus 2014–2018 source filesCensus 2015–2019 source filesCensus 2016–2020 source filesCensus 2017–2021 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2014–2018; 2015–2019; 2016–2020; 2017–2021 | ACS 5-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | 2351 PUMAs | 2010 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Overlapping five-year pooled estimates share source years; each is one period estimate, not five annual observations. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2014–2018 source filesCensus 2015–2019 source filesCensus 2016–2020 source filesCensus 2017–2021 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2014–2018; 2015–2019; 2016–2020; 2017–2021; 2018–2022; 2019–2023; 2020–2024 | ACS 5-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia | Not applicable (state/DC only) | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Overlapping five-year pooled estimates share source years; each is one period estimate, not five annual observations. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2014–2018 source filesCensus 2015–2019 source filesCensus 2016–2020 source filesCensus 2017–2021 source filesCensus 2018–2022 source filesCensus 2019–2023 source filesCensus 2020–2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2018–2022; 2019–2023; 2020–2024 | ACS 5-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Overlapping five-year pooled estimates share source years; each is one period estimate, not five annual observations. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2018–2022 source filesCensus 2019–2023 source filesCensus 2020–2024 source files Release details and source links
|
| 2019–2023; 2020–2024 | ACS 5-year PUMS Lab trend series · separate period estimates | United States, States and District of Columbia, 2462 PUMAs | 2020 PUMA boundaries | Approved for publication Census-derived historical estimates published with project owner authorization; independent scientific review remains pending. Overlapping five-year pooled estimates share source years; each is one period estimate, not five annual observations. This trend container presents estimates only; the separate comparison view provides changes and uncertainty for eligible periods. Earnings require common-dollar normalization. No PUMA boundary conversion is performed. Approved . Publication approval is a Lab decision, not Census Bureau endorsement. | Census 2019–2023 source filesCensus 2020–2024 source files Release details and source links
|
How releases are documented
- Source files and checksums used to verify them
- Survey product, full period, and geographic boundaries
- Versions of the measure definitions and methodology
- A release ID that identifies the data used in an analysis
- Source attribution and statistical reliability information
Why full periods matter
An estimate labeled 2020–2024 combines five years of survey data. Consecutive five-year releases share four years of data, so a difference between them should not be read as a change over a single year. The Census Bureau recommends comparing non-overlapping five-year periods. Census comparison guidance.
From source data to published estimates
- Identify the Census source files and survey period
- Download the files and verify their checksums
- Check that the data meets each measure’s requirements
- Calculate estimates and uncertainty using survey weights
- Compare results with source data and reference calculations
- Publish aggregate estimates with source and methodology information
- Preserve release versions for reproducible queries
Earlier releases are preserved
Changing the default release does not overwrite earlier data. Each release keeps its own ID, so a saved query or citation can identify the exact version used. Re-running a saved query also requires that release’s artifacts to remain available on the site.